Never Talk to Strangers!

Learning a second language is HARD, especially when that language is Russian.

The alphabet, pronunciation, cases, verbs of motion, and don’t even get me started on genitive plural.

When studying at Carleton, speaking Russian is generally limited to conversations with my fellow classmates where their American accents make it easier for me to understand. In addition, its a lot less anxiety inducing knowing they are also not fluent speakers and make mistakes.

However, practice makes perfect and talking with actual Russian speakers is absolutely necessary when actually living in Russia. Who would have guessed! Therefore, for one of our first assignments, we were assigned the task of striking up a conversation with a Russian stranger in one of Moscow’s neighborhoods.

This assignment served two purposes; to practice our speaking skills and to explore the city outside of central Moscow.

In preparation, we read Lisa Dickeys book, Bears in the Streets. In this novel, an American women travels throughout Russia, documenting the people she meets over the span of three visits in thirty years, each visit ten years apart. Throughout her journey, she meets and interviews complete strangers and documents their lives in order to show how Russia’s changing political and social status over time has affected them.

So, if this woman was able to get countless of Russians to talk to her and even invite her to their homes, would we be able to get a Russian stranger  to answer a few questions about their neighborhood?

The answer is no.

The face of two smiling Americans who think they are going to easily accomplish this task on their way to Izmailovsky

Turns out we grossly miscalculated the difficulty of this task.

Now, to be clear, it IS possible to talk to random Russian strangers. Since this assignment, I have had multiple encounters with strangers when out and about ranging from conversation topics about my passport in a cafe to different types of shampoo in the grocery store. Additionally, other students were able to accomplish this task easily.  So, where did we go wrong?

Well, it all started on a very rainy Sunday afternoon. To give you an accurate depiction of how rainy it was, please see the below.

Even the dog was raining a raincoat which was more than I had at the time. It even had a hood?!

After a lengthy metro ride, we arrived at Izmailovksy. Izmailovsky is truly a beautiful neighborhood. It has an amazing park which many people stroll through, even on this extremely rainy day tons of people were there. It is filled with small cafes, stores, and apartment buildings. In addition, it has a great indoor flea market where you can buy lots of cheap goods!

In the park at Izmailovsky
An Apartment Building in Izmailovsky
A street in Izmailovsky
Some small shops

 

We figured our best bet would be to stroll through the park where the conversations would just happen naturally.

Wrong.

Here are a few of our attempted conversation starters:

” Do you have a minute to talk about this neighborhood?”

What kind of bird is that?”

Hello we are Americans and we were wondering if you have a minute to talk?”

Hello”

*Just a very long stare hoping they will strike up a conversation*

In all of these cases, we were shut down and kinda feeling a little defeated. Lisa Dickey, how DID you do it?!

After our attempts, we headed to the indoor flea market to hopefully get a few words from a vendor. Ian decided to buy some tea from a kind gentleman and afterwards asked him his thoughts about the neighborhood in which he told us that it “was a great place to live.” He had other customers and did not really have time to talk so we figured it was better than nothing.

Overall, I would not call this a failed assignment only because it did manage to teach me some things. It also gave me more respect for all those second language learners who are able to integrate into different countries and make friends with locals because it is definitely not just a “walk in the park” (pun intended).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I’m Married!!

I got married!! Yes, its true. I went to Russia and am now a married woman. Who would of guessed it would only take visiting Siberia to make it happen. I am also the proud mother of two twins. They are the first two of an expected 18 children that I will have. What more could a girl want?

The happiest day of my life.

Look how happy I am.

So, this is how it all went down.

During our great 10 day adventure around Lake Baikal, we visited an old believer (старообря́дцы) house.  In case of confusion, old believers are a religious group who refused to accept the reforms imposed upon Russian Orthodoxy by Nikon. As a result, many were exiled to Siberia. We were lucky enough to visit one of these communities and get to talk with them and experience real old believer life.

An Old Believer House

Upon arrival, we were met by a very kind older woman. She was dressed in traditional old believer dress (please see above picture of me). Traditional Old Believer dress for women includes first a long sleeved collared shirt followed by a colorful dress, which is followed by layers of almost apron like garments. To top off the outfit, very large necklaces are worn comprised of large beads and a headdress is worn.

After our introduction, the old lady kindly showed us around her house. We got to see the farming tools in the backyard, the inside bedrooms, kitchen, and icons which are traditionally placed in the corner of the house. After our tour, we were invited to our feast!

Besides my wedding, this was the second best part of our day. Everything we ate was homemade, besides the sugar and salt. We had fresh vegetables, honey, sweets, mashed potatoes, soup, juice, and most importantly, homemade vodka! I very graciously accepted refills of this delicacy.

It should be noted here that prior to my wedding, I did not know I was going to be getting married..

Stuffed to the brim, we made our way outside and enjoyed a show of Old Believer songs and dancing which involves quite a bit of foot work and high notes. Then, it was my time to shine!

My soon to be husband, Nick, was escorted away with a fellow man to be prepared while I was sat in the very front of room.

Not knowing what was going to happen, my hair was first being braided into two long braids with ribbon and tied into little knots on top of my head. Following this was my transformation into a traditional Old Believer outfit. I looked great and more importantly, I was very warm in my numerous layers.

I was soon informed that one of the Old Believer ladies was going to by my mom and she wanted to marry me off as I was becoming older and in desperate need of a husband. Luckily, my knight in shining armor Nick would soon arrive in search of a lovely Old Believer wife.

Now, marriages do not just happen spontaneously. That would be ridiculous! Instead, my family met with Nicks family and some negotiating took place, some arguing, but it ended with a nice compromise and we were soon to be married. Yippee!

We immediately celebrated together with a traditional Old Believer dance in which we circled each other numerous times. Additionally, as a couple, we had to choose from a circle of different cups. Thankfully, we chose the cup that had sugar in it. A sweet marriage was predicted!

Me and My Husband

Afterwards, we were whisked away to live happily ever after.

This wasn’t the end of our story though.

After a harsh winter we returned, with two little bundles of joy! Twins! A sweet life indeed.

 

 

 

 

MGU Dorm on Prospekt Vernadskogo

The second time I visited Prospekt Vernadskogo I visited Natasha’s dorm, a many-storied building depicted here. Natasha is one of our praktikanti (student-helpers). I met her roommates and we talked a lot about Russia and America. I told them how I was glad to have access to cheap, fresh food in Moscow. Natasha and her roommates were shocked at the price of food in America and lack of access to fresh food in cities.

 

 

 

A Moscow Scandal (an around-moscow poem)

In the great old cathedral we wore no scarves on our heads.

Male choirs stopped chanting pretentiously

as we plucked the icons from the walls

and held them pressed against our hair

so Christ’s golden circle framed our boisterous faces.

 

In the cathedral we’d had our fill,

so we stumbled hazy-headed into the dark alleyways and closed-off streets.

Each street guitarist played faster and faster

long hair and bodies a blur of frantic movement.

And in the quickening music, the hysteria of the cold April night,

our feet lifted off the cobblestone.

 

The grandmothers gasped as five young women flew away.

 

The Moscow Metro: A Photo Essay

The Moscow Metro

A Photo Essay

“Oсторожно, двери закрываются.”  This phrase has forever been implanted in my head.  I can literally hear the voice of the woman and her tone of voice every time I think of this phrase. The Moscow metro has become a significant place for me. It is my main form of transportation around this city. It brings me pride to think of how far I have come since my first ride here. I can easily navigate my way, knowing which colors lead to which lines and destinations. A metro ride represents a daily activity for most Muscovites as they travel to their various destinations throughout their day.   In this photo essay, I wanted to highlight the use of light in the metro. Most metro stations are decorated with chandeliers and beautiful light structures and I wanted to express this through the shadows they create in these pictures. In this way, I present the depiction of light in an underground world. I have placed these photos in an order starting from the larger overview of a station, to the smaller pieces in the station, to actually inside the subway car to present a feeling of traveling through the metro.

 

 

 

 

Nerpa-mania!

The first time I came across the word “nerpa,” I was reading Peter Thomson’s Sacred Sea: A Journey to Lake Baikal (1) in preparation for our Siberian adventure. I learned that nerpas, one of many species endemic to Lake Baikal, are some of the world’s smallest seals, clocking in at less than a meter and a half long. If you’ve ever scrolled through my Instagram feed, you will know that I am a fan of anything “mini”: mini-pugs, dwarf hamsters, micro-extreme mini teacup piglets, etc., and thus I was immediately obsessed with the nerpa, a “mini” version of a seal. (I highly recommend googling “baby nerpa seal.” You will discover happy, fluffy, white little fuzz balls, with enormous black eyes staring endearingly back at you.) The 7-year-old part of me that says “eeeeeeee!!” when I see a cute animal now had one goal for my upcoming Baikal trip: see a nerpa in the wild. However, the rational, boring, 20-year-old part of me knew that nerpas are wild animals who do not want to see me as much as I want to see them, and furthermore, that last year’s Carleton group hadn’t seen a nerpa outside of a museum. I braced myself for certain disappointment on the wild nerpa front.

Posing with  the nerpa monument at the visitors center of the Baikal Biosphere Nature Reserve in Tankhoy

We didn’t actually see Baikal until several days after we arrived in Siberia. As soon as the shimmering blue surface of the lake came into view during the van-ride to Ust-Barguzin, I donned my glasses and glued my eyes to the window, looking for the little bead of a seal’s head breaching for air. We stopped several times along the way, but there was no nerpa to be found. Two days passed, and I began to lose hope.

Our first glimpse of Baikal! Not a nerpa in sight.

Finally, on our last full day in Ust-Barguzin, we had a picnic planned in the Trans-Baikal National Park. We pulled over to take in the view of the “holy nose” peninsula, and suddenly the cry went out: “Nerpas!” A long white streak interrupted the deep blue water in the distance: ice left over from the long Siberian winter, not yet melted in the 4°C water. Scattered across the ice were hundreds of little dark smudges. With the help of Nick’s binoculars, it became apparent that the smudges were actually moving around, flopping along on the ice, and basking in the sun. Even better, some of the smudges were teeny tiny, this year’s babies who had just lost their fluffy coats! A few hours later, we returned to the same beach, to find that this ice flow had floated much closer to the shore, and now it was possible to make out tails and flippers. We had stumbled across more than a thousand wild nerpas on some of the very last ice of the year.

Nerpa sighting near the “holy nose” peninsula! That white streak covered in black dots along the horizon is ice covered in nerpas.

(video: Ian Bell)

Nerpas! (Screenshot of video by Ian Bell)

Nerpa-mania only increased among the group members after our miraculous nerpa sighting. We thought ourselves to be veritable nerpa experts after spying on the wild nerpas at a distance, reading about their place in the ecosystem, and hearing about their life cycle from our guides. They are indeed special creatures! In addition to their diminutive size, they hold the distinction of being the world’s only freshwater species of pinniped, having somehow appeared in Baikal 3000 river kilometers from the nearest ocean. According to our guide, they can live for over half a century, owing this long life span to their diet of “pure vitamin A,” aka the oily golomyanka fish.

Amelia doing some expert nerpa watching.

However, as we entered the aquarium section of the Baikal museum in Listvyanka, none of this knowledge could have prepared us for the experience of seeing two up close in person. There, right before our eyes, were the two fattest little creatures I had ever seen. They swam gracefully and quickly back and forth in their two-room tank (which was a little bit small, making me kind of sad). In profile, these healthy (not-overweight) nerpas were like watermelons with tails. We all stood there open-mouthed, staring entranced at how round, adorable, and hilarious they were.

Nerpa, swimming so fast it was impossible to get a good photo.

We returned to the tank five minutes before their scheduled feeding time to find that they were patiently waiting in the corner for their lunch of golomyanka in an orderly row, like students waiting in the buffet line in the cafeterias of Moscow State University. We fell head over heels for them as they hungrily gobbled up the fish that magically appeared in the water above them. (Video of nerpa feeding, slow motion fish snatch) As we left the museum, I was sad to leave behind our two newest friends from Baikal, the last of many (human and animal) we met in our almost two weeks there. Seeing nerpas on this Baikal expedition was a special, unexpected, and exciting part of my experience, the icing on the cake of all the natural wonders we were lucky to enjoy at the Sacred Sea. 

Patient nerpas waiting for lunch.

(1) Thomson, Peter. Sacred Sea: A Journey to Lake Baikal (2007). New York: Oxford University Press.

Experiencing Irkutsk and Baikal

Lenin doesn’t see any taxis

It’s 9 o’clock at night on a Monday night, but it’s nearly June so the heavens are still a pale blue. A few lazy clouds float in the sky, but any calm is ruined by the rumble of the trams and the hiss of passing cars that jars the chest and offends the nose. I’m standing across from what is affectionately known as a taxi–hailing Lenin, but even Lenin can’t get a ride: there are no taxis in sight. Meanwhile, I’m contemplating how I will return to the hotel. The tram system is about as confusing as the works of Jacques Derrida, a philosopher who came up in our class once, and I only made it here thanks to Diane’s help, and now I’m counting on her to save me again since I don’t understand this city. But what about the metro? Alas, this is Irkutsk, and the metro is non-existent: my options are either trams or buses, neither of which provide any assistance as to where they are going. I’m waiting for a call from someone; Diane, a taxi driver, anyone, now. Left alone, I’m forced to reflect on how powerless I feel.

Irkutsk

Earlier today, I was at Lake Baikal. Words cannot describe. Yet somehow, looking at a 25 million year old lake, one gets a sense of great force and might; I cannot escape that this lake existed before Moscow was built, before the first people’s drew on cave walls, before my entire species. Compared to this lake, I am weak and pathetic; my entire life is just another wave, breaking and then crashing against the shore, to be followed by similar but not identical waves. Yet does this inspire fear? Perhaps it does, but it also inspires love and awe in a sense of almost the Kantian sublime. An example Kant gives of this is God, whose wrath is feared but who is also loved (1). The sublime tends to feel immune to human influence. Yet 150 years later, Nietzsche declared that God is dead (2). He tried to kill God. Whether he succeeded is a question I won’t attempt to answer, and I should really leave philosophy to Ian as I probably don’t understand any of this properly. In any case, though you see how extreme of emotions I experienced. But while Baikal may be almighty next to me, I know that it is not next to humanity. If we can try to kill God, why can’t we try to kill this lake?

Even this panorama does not do justice to Baikal

As various authors we have read, including Lisa Dickey (3) and Peter Thomson (4), scientists are already concerned that the lake is dying. Algae growth, contaminating the lakes crystal clear water, is becoming more common, sponges at the bottom are dying, and more pollutants are spilling in as more people begin to surround the lake. At this stage, the lake is becoming ill, at least according to the opinion of the majority of scientists, and it’s location is still so remote compared to other comparable lakes. For example, Lake Tahoe, which is also known for its depth and clear water, is surrounded by tourist resorts, casinos, and ski lifts, all of which which is generating pollutants and waste. Every summer the road to the one protected beach is clogged with cars, all producing carbon dioxide that heats the air and nitrates that pollute the water. Of course, global warming all such huge cold lakes must contend with. Somehow Tahoe has more or less survived so far, but it’s still nothing like Baikal. Part of this is unavoidable; for example, Baikal is a whole lot bigger than Tahoe and regardless of human influence, but also Tahoe feels more tame, more under human auspices, and more damaged than Baikal. Will Baikal eventually become this, or worse?

One of the few protected areas along Lake Tahoe

I won’t comment since I only make predictions for sports games, and I always predict that the Phillies are going to lose (since that’s what normally happens). But somehow just the question makes my current situation feel even more despicable. I stand before this city and I feel completely powerless, and my heart is filled with fear, but no love, only loathing; no awe, only disgust. Irkutsk has not made a good first impression, only from what I happened to think about when I was lost there. The whole excursion feels like a disaster and I feel terrible; I’ve managed to inconvenience everyone, and for what? A blog post? I’m sitting in a cab now and the blue sky has turned to black. My thoughts drift back to the theme of human environmental damage. Some cities are so dear to me: Moscow, San Francisco, St. Paul. Yet they to are the same in terms of environmental destructiveness, if not worse. How can I reconcile this? I gaze into the blackness, the stars invisible behind the street lights, and find no answers.

Moscow

 

 

1 Kant, Immanuel. “Analytic of the Sublime.” Critique of Judgement. Translated by Werner Pluhar. Indianapolis: Hacketts Publishing Company, 1987.

2 I first heard this phrase in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, although apparently it predates that book. I am using the phrase somewhat ironically, and to be clear I’m not trying to comment in a serious way on either Kant’s or Nietzsche’s work here


3 Dickey, Lisa. Bears in the Streets: Three Journeys Across a Changing Russia. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2017.

4 Thomson, Peter. The Sacred Sea. New York: Oxford University press, 2009.

Dogs in the Street: Navigating the Animals of Ulan-Ude

Once, our grammar professor mentioned to us that Moscow was filled with feral dogs: roaming the streets and alleys, sleeping in the metro. But by the time we came the dogs were all gone: the city had rounded them up, shooting or poisoning the majority of them. While this is sad, the dogs could have been carrying disease (rabies springs to mind) and could potentially harm domestic dogs. There are of course contrary arguments, and the methods used may not have been appropriate, but here the main point is simply that there are no longer dogs roaming the streets of Moscow. Now, anyone who has done the program knows that the first book we read is called Bears in the Streets (1), the title of the book stemming from the author’s observation that many Russians believe Americans believe that there are bears in Russian cities roaming around. While the only bears in the street I have seen are advertisements for Masha and the Bear (Маша и Медведь, a cartoon) and one in a zoo, as in all cities there are still some wild animals around. For example, squirrels, muskrats, birds, harmless little things. For me, the third is the most important, as anyone who has read my St. Petersburg post knows, and looking for them will cause many of my encounters with other animals. In particular, dogs.

Red-billed Chough

The birds in Siberia are totally different from those in Moscow, so a high priority upon arriving in Ulan-Ude was to locate some: Azure-winged Magpie, Daurian Redstart, Red-billed Chough, and such exotic types, which here are even common. Regrettably, the city of Ulan-Ude is not a renowned birding location, and on our first day when we toured the city, I got precisely one new species for my life, called in birding terms a “lifer”. For perspective, I was expecting in the range of 50 lifers for the trip, so this was not an encouraging start. However, from the bus and at our stops I also noted an abundance of feral dogs; individuals and even groups of 3-4. In fact, in an iconic moment a delirious Amelia asked if a larger grey dog was a wolf.

The Scene of the Adventure

The next morning, Ian and I set off walking in order to look for birds. I intended to reach the river but couldn’t cross the necessary street, so I wandered to the back of some church, where I found a place to cross the road. But first I decided to look around the scrubby little trees that adorned the tan sandy grounds. I found a Dusky Thrush, which was only the second reported on eBird for the entire Buryatiya republic, but that has more to do with under-coverage (i.e. lack of birders reporting to the website) than rarity. Insufficient time remained to look at the river, so we set off to our homestay. As we left, we saw two sleeping dogs huddle against one of the bushy trees in the fine sand.

Long-tailed Rosefinch

A few days later, Ian and I meandered down to the river, this time with the aim of finding shorebirds, as I had staked out some habitat as ideal for shorebirds the previous evening. We did find a few plovers, a multitude of Common Sandpipers, and one gorgeous non-piper, a Long-tailed Rosefinch. But the birds were the less memorable part of this trip. The more memorable part was the dog.  Shortly after having seen the Rosefinch, a tiny skinny black dog appeared. More than anything, this poor little dog probably deserved pity, but I am, to be perfectly honest, terrified of feral dogs; I think I was scarred by the passage about the mad dog in Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God. In any case, as soon as it got within three feet of me, I panicked a little and darted behind Ian, and we started to walk quickly away. However, it quickly became apparent that the dog was following us: when we walked, it walked behind us, and when we stopped, it would walk ahead a little, then stop and look back. I was very jittery, and Ian kept assuring me it would soon leave, but it wouldn’t quit. Once, when it had stopped a little behind, we tried taking off as fast as we could, and thought we had lost it for a minute, but lo and behold, a few minutes later there it was. Getting desperate, I tried yelling at it, but that did nothing. We were preparing to move away from the river, and when we crossed the street, we thought for sure it wouldn’t follow, but a minute later, to quote one of my beloved books as a child, “out popped Paleo wolf, looking for leftovers” (2). But we were in a homestay, were leaving in a day, and could absolutely not try to domesticate this dog, as happens to the wolf in the children’s book. I was certain we couldn’t have it come all the way to the homestay, and was beginning to panic; what if it tried to dart inside. But we still had one major road to cross, and after that road we finally lost it.

The little black dogs that followed us

More than likely, the little dog, possibly even a puppy was completely harmless, and, in retrospect, I was overreacting a little. However, it does allow for a little interesting reflection on what is a wild animal, and certainly shows something about me. I set out looking for wild animals (birds), and found feral dogs which in a sense are not wild and in a sense absolutely are. Furthermore, the fact that there are dogs on the streets illustrates one of the differences between modern Moscow and other cities in Russia. And now I can say I went all the way to Siberia and the wildest animal I saw was a dog.

 

1 Dickey, Lisa. Bears in the Streets: Three Journeys Across a Changing Russia (2017). New York: St. Martin’s Press.

2 Brett, Jan. The First Dog (1988). Orlando: Voyager Press.

Day Trip: Shlisselburg

From the era of Russia’s medieval precursor, Velikiy Novgorod, through 300 years of the Romanovs, through the tragic Blockade of Leningrad, the Oreshek Fortress has persisted. Whether its survival is stubborn or heroic, however, is incumbent upon each to decide for themselves.

The fortress sits on a tiny island in Lake Ladoga, just a five minute boat ride from the nearest pier. We visited on a particularly pleasant day: the wind was blowing, there were no clouds in the sky, and the deep unwavering blue of the lake contrasted beautifully with the green of the island and the brown stone of the fortress walls. Oresehek was originally built as a wooden fortress by the Novgorod Republic in the early 14th century, its stone walls constructed more than a hundred years later.

For nearly 400 years, Oreshek was the site of countless battles between the Russians and the Swedes and its sovereignty was constantly changing hands. The strategic importance of this fort may at first be unapparent, as it was to me when I first visited; its small size in Lake Ladoga seems fit to guard the local dachas, but not much else. It was challenging to understand why thousands of soldiers, throughout several centuries, died defending this fortress. Its significance, however, lies in the name Peter gave it: “Shlisselburg”, German for “key city”. Russia’s first emperor named it such because control over the fort granted access to the Gulf of Finland. How is this so, considering Shlisselburg sits on the south end of Lake Ladoga? The answer is the Neva River, which flows from the lake to the Gulf.

Peter’s victory over the Swedes in the Great Northern War led to lasting control over Shlisselburg from 1702, predating the establishment of Saint Petersburg by one year. The decisive victory for the Russians meant that Shlisselburg was now relatively inland, and no longer served any purpose as an important military outpost. This medieval fortress was thus given a medieval role, that of a brutal prison housing mainly political prisoners and terrorists.

The tour of Shlisselburg exposes the various macabre historical sites of the fortress, such as the wall where Lenin’s older brother was hung and the punishment cell of the prison. In the punishment cell, one slept on a weave-pattern, cast iron bed with nothing on it. The prison was particularly harsh, with those in good standing only permitted 30 minutes of outdoor time a day. Many prisoners died in their cells due to the harsh conditions. Revolutionaries, dissidents, domestic terrorists, and even a Tsar were held here. Yes, Tsar Ivan VI was imprisoned at Shlisselburg years after he was overthrown by the empress Elizabeth in a palace coup in 1740, and died in detention.

Memorial plaque marking the site where Alexander Ulyanov, Lenin’s older brother, was hung to death in Shlisselburg

The prison’s history concluded with the revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks liberated the inmates and set the prison alight. Several prominent members of their party were imprisoned there. It was then converted into a museum not long after, but Shlisselburg’s future soon returned it to its founding in war.

When the Germans initiated the Blockade of Leningrad, the Soviets installed a small garrison of soldiers at Shlisselburg to defend the fortress. Its strategic significance to the citizens of Leningrad cannot be understated. The famous “Road of Life” over the frozen Lake Ladoga, the only route by which the Soviets could deliver food and supplies to their starving citizens, required protection at all costs. For 500 days, the soldiers at Shlisselburg defended the fortress and the Road of Life from the German onslaught.

The visit to Shlisselburg was fascinating for both its long survival and opposite roles of brutal prison and site of heroism. It is also a beautiful relic of medieval Slavic architecture which is striking in its own right. To get the full effect it may be necessary to visit during the dead of winter, but a visit to Shlisselburg is obligatory nonetheless. The fortress certainly feels impactful, as it played a genuinely prominent role in the days of the Novgorod Republic, the Russian Empire, and the Soviet Union.

Ruins in the interior of the fortress